The Spanish Enlightenment of the 18th century

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that tried to reform and modernize European society in the 18th century, and among its main objectives was to promote the emancipation of man in all fields.

The Spanish Independence War (1808–1814)
Napoleon Bonaparte’s First French Empire aimed to turn Spain into a satellite kingdom. But the Napoleonic occupation triggered the War of Independence, also known as the French War, between 1808 and 1814.

The liberal State: the Liberal Union of Leopoldo O’Donnell

The history of Spain in the 19th century unfolds amid the intense struggles between liberals and absolutists to stay in power.

The final crisis of the reign of Isabel II

The Revolution of 1868 was a military uprising that led to the dethronement and exile of Queen Isabel II and the beginning of the period called the Sexenio Democratico.

The Sexenio Democratico (1868-1874)

The Glorious Revolution of 1868 meant the establishment of a parliamentary constitutional regime and the democratization of the Spanish political system.

The First Spanish Republic (1873-1874)

The First Spanish Republic was a very short-lived stage in the history of the 19th century. It arrived after the abdication of King Amadeus I of Savoy in 1873 and ended on December 29, 1874.

The Bourbon Restoration and political corruption

The Restoration was a system designed from above to ensure permanence and stability in the power of the dominant groups.

Map: Urban distribution of the Spanish population in the 19th century

In the 19th century, the population in Spain increased, thanks to the drop in mortality that initially caused a demographic transition, with strong increases in the population, passing in its final moments to a demographic stability thanks to the drop in the birth rate.